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GEOGRAPHICAL RESULTS 
OF THE GREAT WAR 




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AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 



GEOGRAPHICAL RESULTS 
OF THE GREAT WAR 



BY 



STILES A. TORRANCE 



MAPS BY 

EDWARD Y. FARgUHAR 




AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 

NEW YORK CINCINNATI CHICAGO 

BOSTON ATLANTA 



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NOTE 

This pamphlet is intended as a forerunner, pending a more formal and 
authentic account of the important changes resulting from the Great War, 
such as can be prepared only when the changes are completed. This is a 
temporary document, and makes no pretense to being final or authoritative. 

The hxing of new boundaries and the establishment of new countries are 
contingent upon the acceptation and enforcement of the Treaty of Peace 
with Germany which was signed June 28, 1919, upon subsequent treaties 
with other Central Powers which are not yet completed, and upon the out- 
come of wars still being waged in and near Russia. Besides, the treaties 
themselves are purposely indefinite, from the geographer's standpoint. 
They leave much to be determined later by commissions, or by the "princi- 
pal Allied and Associated powers," or by the proposed League of Nations. 
The future nationality of certain areas is to be decided through plebiscites. 
Other areas are to be governed or protected by mandatory nations yet to be 
assigned. 

In view of these unsettled conditions, the maps and statements in this 
little book must be understood as only tentative. But up-to-date informa- 
tion concerning the lands speciallv affected by the Great War is so urgently 
needed, and so vital to the student's interest in geography, that a booklet 
of this character needs no defense. Its publishers are confident that it 
will prove a valuable adjunct in studying the ethnic, commercial, political, 
and historical problems that are comprehended in our present world 
geography. 

American Book Company 

September i, 1919. 



CopvRiGH't,*igig, BY 
AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY. 

Geog. Results Obeat War. 



Q^f-^^ 1^1^ 



©CI.A5354(37 



GEOGRAPHICAL RESULTS OF 
THE GREAT WAR 



One result of the Great 
War was the enormous 
amount of destruction, 
— the loss or wrecking of 
millions of lives and bil- 
lions of dollars worth of 
property, the devastation 
of large areas in France, 
Belgium, Poland, and 
other mvaded lands. In 
Europe the victorious 
Allied nations as well 
as the defeated Central 
Powers were almost 
ruined financially by the 
terrific burdens of the 
long war. Production 
and commerce were 
greatly impaired. But 
these results of the war, 
it IS believed, will be only 
temporary. 

On the other hand, it 
is hoped that most of 

the new states and new boundaries result- 
ing from the war will be permanent. The 
boundaries are fixed, in general, with due re- 
gard to the wishes of the people in the ceded 
areas. The Conference of Versailles, which signed and ratified the treaty of June 28, 1919, 
began in January, 191 9, not only gave the was much changed from the German Empire 
most careful study to the proposed boundaries of 1871-1918. One result of her deteat in 
and to the financial and other details of the the Great War was a German revolution, 
peace treaties, but also framed a constitution Not only the emperor but also the monarchs 

3 



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iil^iili iitii Milii 


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General John Pershing, commander of the Ameri- 
can Expeditionary Forces 



for a proposed League 
of Nations, including 
definite provisions for 
preventing wars of ag- 
gression in the future. 
The treaty with Germany 
was signed June 28, 1919, 
and ratified by Germany 
shortly afterward ; but it 
was not to come into 
force until ratified also 
by three of the five prin- 
cipal powers — United 
States, British Empire, 
France, Italy, Japan. 
I'reaties with Austria, 
Hungary, and Bulgaria, 
and agreements concern- 
ing former Turkish do- 
minions, were still under 
negotiation in August, 
while in Russia and on 
her borders actual war- 
fare was still in progress. 
Therefore, although the fighting in the Great 
War ended November 11, 1918, some of its 
geographical results are still in doubt. 

The New Germany. — The Germany that 



GERMANY 



of the various German states were deposed, Nations which was planned to prevent future 
and repubhcan governments were set up. wars if possible. The countries joining the 
The voters — men and women o\er twenty — proposed League agree to make no war on 




were divided into manv 
political parties ; but in 
the central German gov- 
ernment and also in 
Prussia, Bavaria, and 
most of the other states, 
the moderate socialists 
and democrats came into 
power. 

By the treaty of 1919, 
Germany loses about one 
sixth or one eighth of her 
area, depending on the 
result of plebiscites (votes 
of the people) in several 
districts. Nearly all the 
territorial cessions are 
taken from Prussia, which 
thus loses a still larger 
proportion of her area. 
Part of Prussia is sepa- 
rated from the rest of 
German}^ (as it was a 
hundred and fifty years ago) by territory France, Italy, Japan, and four other nations 
ceded to Poland ; but Poland must allow free selected by the League Assembly from time 
railroad traffic between them. to time. In both the Council and the As- 

By other provisions of the treaty, Germany sembly, most questions of importance are 
gives up all her colonies and special conces- to be decided by unanimous vote ot the 
sions outside of Europe. Her army and members present. 

navy are restricted to small forces. Most of The countries whose representatives signed 
her ships are taken to replace those she the treaty with Germiny, and which become 
destroyed in the war. Her industries are members of the League of Nations it and 
handicapped not only by the losses of territory when they ratify that treaty, are, besides the 
and population, but also by the loss of much five named above, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, 
foreign trade, and by treaty agreements to Canada, Australia, South Africa, New Zea- 
pay money and goods for part of the damage land, India, Cuba, Ecuador, Greece, Guate- 
she wrought in the war. mala, Haiti, Hedjaz, Honduras, Liberia, 

League of Nations. — Germany thus weak- Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Poland, Portugal, 
ened, however, was still a power that might Roumania, the Serb-Croat-Slovene State, 
again threaten the peace of the world, espe- Siam, Czechoslovakia, and LTruguay. In 
cially the security of new, weak states. In addition, China, Argentina, Chile, Colombia, 
the treaty with Germany, therefore, was Denmark, Netherlands, Norway, Paraguay, 
included the constitution of a League of Persia, Salvador, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, 



Marshal Joffre, commander of the French armies, 
1914-1917 



one another without first 
giving opportunity for 
arbitration, and to join 
in resisting the aggression 
of any country that shall 
make an unwarranted 
attack on any member of 
the League. 

The League is to have 
a permanent secretary's 
office, where all future 
treaties of member na- 
tions must be registered 
and made public in order 
to be binding. In meet- 
ings of the League As- 
sembly, each member 
nation has one vote. An 
advisory Council is to 
consist of nine members 
— one representative 
each from the United 
States, British Empire, 



GEOGRAPHICAL RESULTS OF THE GREAT WAR 




and Venezuela were invited to join the League. 
It is planned that other nations will be ad- 
mitted when they have established stable 
governments and have shown themselves 
to be in sympathy with the aims of the 
League. Any independent country or fully 
self-governing colony may be admitted, on 
certain conditions, by a two-thirds vote of 
the League Assembly. 

Alsace-Lorraine. — Under the treaty with 
Germany, Alsace-Lorraine is reunited with 
France. This territory is a little larger than 
the state of Connecticut, and is very impor- 
tant because of its coal and iron mines and 
its frontage on the river Rhine. The people, 
about 5 per cent of the population of France, 
are largely of the German race and language. 



but they were separated 
from France in 1871 
against their will, and 
it is believed that most 
of them are now glad 
to be again under the 
French flag. 

Alsace-Lorraine is a 
prosperous region of 
farms, mines, and fac- 
tories. Without it, in 
1871-1918, France was 
hopelessly outrivaled 
by Germany in the pro- 
duction of iron and of 
manufactures of iron, 
both of which she im- 
ported in large quanti- 
ties, besides much coal. 
Now as a result of the 
war, France becomes a 
very important iron- 
manufacturing country, 
and has secured favor- 
able terms for the impor- 
tation of coal and other 
articles; the Rhine, 
moreover, is open to the 
ships of all nations. 
Strasbourg (German Strassburg), very near 
the Rhine, is the chief city of Alsace-Lorraine ; 
it is nearly as large as Lille, the great manu- 
facturing city of northern France. 

During the war, the factories and mines 
of northern France, together with many 
houses and farms, were thoroughly wrecked 
or destroyed by the German invaders. In 
fact, the wealth and population lost by France 
during the war were far greater than those of 
Alsace-Lorraine. 

Sarre Basin. — As compensation for the 
destruction of coal mines near Lille, and other 
damages, Germany cedes to France the 
excellent coal mines of the Sarre (German 
Saar) Basin, just north of Lorraine. This 
region, peopled almost entirely by Germans, 



FRANCE, BELGIUM, DENMARK 



is separated from Ger- 
many and given a gov- 
ernment of its own, 
under the control of the 
Leagueof Nations. After 
fifteen years, the people 
of the Sarre Basin are 
to vote, by districts, m 
favor of union with 
France, or union with 
Germany, or remaining 
as before, under the con- 
trol of the League ot 
Nations. 

The Sarre Basin is 
about two thirds the size 
of Rhode Island. It is 
nearly as large as Lux- 
emburg, another small 
country on the borders 
of France and Germany, 
which was made nearlv 
independent about fifty 
years ago. 

Luxemburg, however, 




Marshal Foch, commander of the Allied armies, 
1918-1919 



near Denmark) and 
partly Germans (in the 
south, near Germany). 
It happened that the 
king of Denmark was 
also the duke of Schles- 
wig, and presently he 
tried to unite the duchy 
with Denmark. Prussia 
and other German states 
interfered. In the end 
Prussia, by making wars 
against Denmark and 
against Austria (1863- 
1866), seized the whole 
of Schleswig for herself. 
Many of the Danes there 
were oppressed and un- 
happy under Prussian 
rule. 

The treaty of 1919 
provides that the people 
of north Schleswig may 
decide by vote whether 
that region shall now be 



be based on the vote by districts in a border 
zone. The whole land whose fate is thus in 



had by 1914 fallen largely under German in- added to Denmark. The new boundary is to 
fluence and control. The treaties securing 
this control are now renounced by Germany, 
and Germany accepts in advance whatever 
arrangements the Allies may make concerning 
Luxemburg. The Luxemburgers are mostly 
of the German race, and speak a German dia- 
lect mixed with French words. 

Additions to Belgium. — To Belgium Ger- 
many cedes three small frontier districts 
(Malmedy, Eupen, and Neutral Moresnet), 
which together are about one fourth as large 
as Rhode Island. They have important 
mines and metal-working plants. Their 
people are partly German and partly of the 
same races (Flemish and French) as the 
Belgians. 

Additions to Denmark. — A hundred years 
ago Germany and Denmark were separated 
bv the duchy of Schleswig (Danish Slesvig), 
whose people were partly Danes (in the north, 




GEOGRAPHICAL RESULTS OF THE GREAT WAR 



15 



POLAND 

SC^LE OF MILES 
25 5(j 7i iiy^ 133 100 
!••• BouuJsr^ cf Poland before 1772 
.^H Boundarln or GenuaDj, AuEtrla and !!u£Eia 

Id 1914 
^ New DouDdories by Treaty of 1010 with Gennan, 
l:^y-^1 German or Polisb aceordlng H> Plebiseite 
f +4 + Approximate Linguistic BounJarr uf Pules 
>o Approximate Lin^islic Boundary of Leila 
nnd Lllhuaniana 




Lonijitnde 



question is somewhat less than Delaware in 
area and population. Like Denmark, it is a 
lowland plain where dairying and farming 
are the chief industries. (Map, page 4.) 

Poland. — A hundred and fifty years ago 
Poland was one of the largest countries in 
Europe. It included the great mass of the 
Polish people, also the Lithuanians and some 
of the Russians. But the government of 
Poland was weak, and attempts to strengthen 
it were defeated by the Polish nobles and by 
the jealous neighboring powers — Russia, 
Prussia, and Austria. In a series of wars 
(1772-1795) those three powers robbed Poland 



of her border lands and finally of her inde- 
pendence ; all her territory was annexed, and 
the Poles became subjects of the Russian, 
Prussian, and Austrian monarchs. But in 
spite of all oppression, most of them clung to 
their language and their hope of freedom. 

Oneof the important results of the Great War 
is the setting up of an independent Poland. 
It is planned to include all the lands where 
the majority of the people are Poles ; mingled 
with them are some Germans, Jews, Russians, 
and other people. Germany cedes to Poland 
territory twice as large as Massachusetts 
(map, page 4), and agrees to the cession of 



POLAND, AUSTRIA-HUNGARY 



other areas larger than Massachusetts, de- Most of them are Roman CathoHcs. Ameri- 

pending on the vote of the people in those can history tells of the aid given by Poles 

areas. The limits of the cessions to come in the Revolutionary War. On the roll of 

from Austria and Russia are not yet deter- famous Polish names are those of several 

mined. The Poles have already established great musicians. One of them, Ignace Pa- 

a strong republican government, and their derewski, after long residence in the United 

armies, including one recruited in the United States, returned to Poland and early in igig 

States durmg the Great War, have taken became premier of the Polish Republic, 

possession of nearly all the lands claimed by Danzig. — The city of Danzig, near the 

them. These lands include large areas in mouth of the Vistula, was part of the old 

Austria (Galicia) and Russia beyond the Poland, but during a century and a half of 

linguistic boundary shown on the map. Prussian rule many Germans settled there. 

That boundary is only approximate; in a The German treaty of 1919 makes Danzig a 

wide zone beyond it the population is mi.xed, free city under the protection of the League of 

including some Poles as well as Lithuanians, Nations. With surrounding territory nearly 

Russians, and others. as large as the Sarre Basin, Danzig is to have 

The new Poland claims possession of a government of its own, independent of 

territory more than half as large as France, both Germany and Poland, 

in area and in population. The chief in- This city is important chiefly as the seaport 

dustry is agriculture, but there are mines of ol the Vistula basin. Therefore the treaty 

coal, iron, zinc, and salt, and extensive manu- carefully secures to Poland the use of railroads 

factures of many kinds, including sugar, and docks in Danzig, to provide a free exit 

leather, iron and tor Polish foreign commerce. 

Break-up of Austria- 
Hungary. — Another very 



cotton and other textiles 
steel. The leading crops 
are rye, oats, wheat, po- 
tatoes, and sugar beets. 
Fine horses, cattle, and 
sheep are raised. 

The Vistula River is 
an important water way; 
nearlv all of its basin is in 
Poland. 

Warsaw, on the Vis- 
tula, is the capital, by far 
the largest city (about 
900,000), and the chief 
railroad center; here are 
tanneries, sugar refin- 
eries, and many factories. 
At Lodz are large cot- 
ton mills. Near Cracow, 
the ancient capital of 
Poland, are wonderful 
old salt mines. 

The Poles are a peo- 
ple of the Slavic race. 




Marshal Haig, commander of the British armies 
in France, 1915-1919 



important result of the 
Cheat War was the long- 
expected dissolution of 
the Dual Monarchy. 
Revolutions took place 
in the different parts 
of Austria-Hungary, and 
several independent re- 
publics were established, 
— Czechoslovakia, Aus- 
tria, Hungary, — while on 
the borders the people of 
the Polish, Jugoslav, Ital- 
ian, and Roumanian races 
hastened to unite with 
their kin in outside na- 
tions. 

Even before the com- 
pletion of the treaties 
under negotiation, the 
general outlines of the 



CZECHOSLOVAKIA, AUSTRIA. HUNGARY 



II 



new order, based on independent nationalities, 
can plainly be seen as described in the follow- 
ing pages. 

Czechoslovakia. — The Czechoslovak Re- 
public was established by the Czechs or 
Slavic people of Bohemia and the neighboring 
provinces of Austria, together with the Slo- 
vaks to the east of them, in what was north- 
western Hungary. The Slovaks are a Slavic 
people whose language is much like the Czech. 
Near the boundary with Germany, which 
follows mountain ranges for the most part, 
some Germans are included in Czechoslo- 
vakia. The boundaries with Austria, with 
Hungary, and with Poland will probably be 
drawn to include the districts where the 
majority are Czechs and Slovaks ; that is, 
they will be not far from the linguistic 
boundaries shown on the map. 

The Czechoslovak Republic thus claims an 
area one fourth the size of France, and a popu- 
lation nearly one third as large as the French. 
Most of the people are Roman Catholics. 
The Czechs are among the best-educated 
people in Europe. 

Czechoslovakia takes in about one fifth 
of the area and about one fourth of the popu- 
lation of the old Austria-Hungary. It in- 
cludes most of the coal mines of the former 
Austria-Hungary, and the chief manufactur- 
ing regions, where iron and steel, textiles, 
glass, and beer are made. But many Czechs 
and Germans and most of the Slovaks are 
farmers, and the country produces nearly all 
the food it consumes. In the Carpathian 
Mountains are valuable forests. 

Although the country has no seacoast, it lies 
in the basins of the Elbe, Oder, and Danube, 
which are now opened to the shipping of all 
nations. 

Prague, on the river Elbe, is the capital 
and an important center of trade and manu- 
facture. 

Austria. — The new republic of Austria 
is that part of the old empire where most 
of the people are Germans. It is smaller 



than Czechoslovakia, and has a smaller pop- 
ulation — between 6,000,000 and 8,000,000. 
Its capital is Vienna, the chief city of the 
old Austria-Hungary and one of the very 
large cities of Europe. 

The land produces grapes, grain, potatoes, 
and other crops. There are mines of iron, 
coal, and other minerals, and some manu- 
factures. The Tyrol, near Switzerland, is 
famous for its summer resorts. 

Some of the Austrian people, after the war, 
wished to unite with Germany. The treaties 
of 1919, however, provide that Austria shall 
be an independent country. 

Hungary. — East of Austria is Hungary, — - 
the part of the old Hungary where the ma- 
jority of the people are Hungarians. Most 
of it is a fertile plain which produces large 
crops of wheat and corn and affords good 
pasturage for sheep and cattle. 

The Danube River, crossing Austria and 
Hungary, is a great highway of commerce 
for both countries, neither of which now has 
any seacoast. Budapest, on the Danube, is 
the capital, chief railroad center, and largest 
city of Hungary. 

The Hungarians, or Magyars, are de- 
scended from an Asiatic people who came 
to the Danubian plains about a thousand 
years ago. Throughout the old Hungary 
before the Great War they were the ruling 
race, though less than half the total popu- 
lation. Some are Protestants, but most 
are Roman Catholics. 

The boundaries of the new Hungary are 
very uncertain, especially on the east, where 
in large areas Hungarians and Roumanians 
are in nearly equal numbers, and on the 
south, where there is much mingling with 
the Jugoslavs. It is probable, however, 
that Hungary, like Austria, will have a 
smaller area and a smaller population than 
Czechoslovakia. 

Eastern Galicia. — One part of the old 
Austria-Hungary whose destiny is most un- 
certain is the land of the Ruthenians, com- 



12 



GEOGRAPHICAL RESULTS OF THE GREAT WAR 



prising eastern Galicia and small adjacent 
areas in Bukowina and the old Hungary. 

The Ruthenians, about 4,000,000 in num- 
ber, are a branch of the Little Russians. 
Hence the larger body of Little Russians, 
or Ukrainians (page 15), would like to anne.K 
the whole area. 

But the Ruthenians have long been a 
subject people — mostly peasants and la- 
borers owning little property. Mingled with 
them in various parts of the land are middle 
and upper class Poles, Germans, and Hun- 
garians ; in Lemberg and other cities, there 
are more Poles than Ruthenians. Hungary 
claims to its old boundary along the Car- 
pathians, and Poland claims at least all of 
Galicia, which was part of the old Polish 
kingdom for several hundred years before 
1772. On the east and west, also, Roumania 
and Czechoslovakia would like to e.xtend 
their borders. 

The land of the Ruthenians is a land of 
farms and forests. Eastern Galicia also 
yields much petroleum. 

Jugoslavia. — The southern part of the old 
Austria-Hungary is the home of the Slovenes, 
the Croats, and many Serbs. Near the end 
of the Great War a union was arranged be- 
tween them and the Serbs of Serbia and 
Montenegro, for the formation of the Serb- 
Croat-Slovene state. The three peoples are 
of the Slavic race and speak similar lan- 
guages. They are called Jugoslavs, which 
means South Slavs, and hence their country 
is commonly known as Jugoslavia. 

For the most part, the Serbs (in the east) 
are of the Orthodo.x Greek faith, while the 
Croats and Slovenes (in the west) are Roman 
Catholics. The Jugoslavs have political dif- 
ferences, also ; some favor a republic, some 
a kingdom under the royal house of Serbia, 
while some are opposed to the union in 
either form. In the first half of 1919 the 
kingdom came into the control of nearly all 
the country, in spite of some opposition in 
Montenegro and Croatia. 



Jugoslavia is much larger than Czecho- 
slovakia, the new Slavic country in the 
north, but it probably has a smaller popu- 
lation. Much of the country is mountainous, 
and it has few railroads. Excepting the 
port of Fiume (claimed by Jugoslavia and 
by Italy), the frontage of Jugoslavia on the 
Adriatic Sea has small value because of high 
mountain ranges near the coast. The chief 
industry is farming. 

Cessions to Italy. — On the borders of 
Italy the old Austria included two districts 
peopled chiefly by Italians, — one about the 
city of Trent in the Alps, and the other about 
the large and important seaport Trieste at 
the head of the Adriatic Sea. Both these 
districts are to be ceded by Austria to Italy, 
with mountain boundaries that include 
many Germans and Jugoslavs besides the 
Italians. 

Farther southeast, along the coast of the 
Adriatic, are towns and seaports with popu- 
lations chiefly Italian, though the country 
back of them is almost solidly Jugoslav. 
Therefore a long, narrow strip of the coast, 
with many ofF-lying islands, is claimed not 
only by Jugoslavia but also by Italy, which 
took possession at the end of the war. 

In the case of Fium;, by far the most im- 
portant of these ports, several compromises 
have been suggested. One of them is similar 
to the plan followed with Danzig, namely, 
to make it an independent free city; for 
its relation to the foreign commerce of 
Jugoslavia (and Hungary) is somewhat like 
the relation of Danzig to the foreign com- 
merce of Poland. 

During the war Italy occupied much of 
Albania ; and she lays claim to the perma- 
nent possession of Avlona, a port at the mouth 
of the Adriatic Sea, just opposite the " heel " 
of the Italian peninsula. 

All together, these European territories 
annexed or claimed by Italy have an area 
and a population greater than those of 
Maryland. 



JUGOSLAVIA, ITALY, ROUMANIA, BULGARIA 



13 






TEERITORIAL ADDITIONS 

TO 

ITALY 

SCALE OF MILES 

50 luu 150 i]uO 

1 ) Ceded by Austria to Italy 
I ,:- ■ I Claimed by Italy 




Bessarabia, the Rus- 
sian province between 
the Pruth and the 
Dniester, was annexed 
by Roumania before 
the end of the Great 
War. It is a farming 
land twice as large as 
Massachusetts. The 
population, numbering 
about 2,500,000, is 
largely Roumanian, but 
contains also many di- 
verse elements — Great 
Russians, Little Rus- 
sians, Poles, Bulgarians, 
Greeks, and Jews. 

If the final treaties 
confirm these additions 
west and northeast, 
Roumania will be 
doubled in area and 
population, and thus 
made greater than any 
other country that is 
shown fully on the map, 
page 10. 

Cessions to Roumania. — The eastern parts Bulgaria. — Though defeated in the war, 

of the old Austria-Hungary are claimed and Bulgaria is not to lose much territory, 
occupied by Roumania. The boundary is This is because nearly all the land within 
uncertain, but this addition to Roumania her boundaries of 1914 is the home of Bul- 
seems likely to be as large and populous as garians only. The most important excep- 
the southern part of the old Austria-Hungary tion is in Western Thrace, which Bulgaria 
transferred to Jugoslavia. It thus forms won from Turkey in 1912-13. This region 
one of the five or six very large pieces into is now claimed by Greece because the pop- 
which most of the old Dual Monarchy is ulation in 191 2 was more Greek than Bul- 
now broken. (Map, page 10.) garian. A suggested compromise is that part 

The population is very mixed, but Rou- of it be kept by Bulgaria, part be given to 
manians form the most numerous element, Greece, and part be made an international 
with many Hungarians and some Germans, zone or independent district like Danzig, so 
Ruthenians, Serbs, and others. Much of that through it Bulgaria can have access 
the land is forest-covered mountains, but to the Aegean Sea. (Map, page 10.) 
in the valleys and plains there are excellent On the other hand, Bulgaria claims parts 

farms and pastures. Some coal, gold, and of southern Serbia and northern Greece 
silver are mined. Transylvania is noted for (that is, parts of ancient Macedonia), and 
its scenery. the whole of the Dobrudja — the part of 



H 



GEOGRAPHICAL RESULTS OF THE GREAT WAR 




Lniiffitiije 



Roumania between the Danube and the 
Black Sea — on the ground that their popu- 
lation is mostly Bulgarian. The area for 
which her claim has the best foundation is 
the little strip that was taken from Bulgaria 
by Roumania in 1913. In the Dobrudja 
proper, north of that strip, the people include 
many Roumanians and Turks as well as 
Bulgarians, and Roumania needs the terri- 
tory to secure her access to the Black Sea. 
The Dobrudja is larger than the state of 
Connecticut, but has a population only a 
third as great. 

Greece. — Besides asking for Western 
Thrace from Bulgaria, Greece would like to 
annex most of Eastern Thrace from Turkey. 
Moreover, she claims and occupies part of 



southern Albania and 
part of western Asia 
Minor, including the 
great seaport Smyrna. 
She asks Great Britain 
to cede Cyprus to her. 
She also lays claim to 
Rhodes and neighbor- 
ing islands, which Italy 
took from Turkey in 
191 1 ; and she opposes 
Italian claims to part 
of Asia Minor. All 
the lands claimed by 
Greece were Greek in 
ancient times and now 
have a population 
partly Greek. (Maps, 
pages 10 and 17.) 

As already stated, 
however, the treaties 
affecting Bulgaria and 
Turkey were still under 
negotiation in August, 
1919; not till they are 
completed and ratified 
can the final disposi- 
tion of these territories 
be definitely known. 
Break-up of Turkey. — The fate of Turkey 
is like that of Austria-Hungary — the dis- 
ruption of an empire held together by force. 
Most of Asia Minor, or Anatolia, where the 
majority of the people are Turks, may (or 
may not) remain an independent Turkey of 
perhaps 6,000,000 population. But it has 
been announced by Allied statesmen that 
the rest of the empire is to be set free from 
Turkish rule. 

Constantinople, with part (or perhaps all) 
of Eastern Thrace and a corner of Asia 
Minor, is to be put under international con- 
trol, in order to keep the outlet of the Black 
Sea open to the ships of all nations. The 
United States, it is said, may be requested to 
take charge of it. 



GREECE, TURKEY, EGYPT, RUSSIA 



15 



The western coast of Asia Minor is claimed 
by Greece, as we have seen, because of its 
many Greek inhabitants. To the south is a 
region claimed by Italy. 

Armenia, it is said, is to be made inde- 
pendent of Turkey, but aided for a time by 
the advice and assistance of some more ad- 
vanced power. It is understood that the 
United States may be requested to undertake 
this guardianship of Armenia. The Arme- 
nians are a Christian (Orthodox Greek) 
people of the white race whose language is 
akin to those of Europe. 

Syria, likewise, is to be freed from Turkey, 
and there is an understanding that it may be 
placed under the guardianship of France. 

Mesopotamia and Palestine were taken 
from Turkey by British expeditions during 
the war, and it is understood that they may 
remain under British protection. Their 
population is largely Arab, but it is planned 
to make Palestine the home of many Jews. 

The kingdom of Hedjaz, with British aid, 
threw off the Turkish yoke in 1916 and, near 
the end of the war, helped in the conquest of 
Palestine. This little nation of Arabs, it is 
believed, may form the nucleus of a greater 
Arabia. 

All these regions separated from Turkey 
have suffered much in the past from Turkish 
misrule and oppression. All are in a back- 
ward state of development ; almost the only 
industries are farming (by primitive methods) 
and grazing. By irrigation and other im- 
provements, the production of these regions 
can be greatly increased. 

Egypt. — Before the war Egypt was nomi- 
nally subject to Turkey, and British control 
there was sometimes objected to by other 
powers. Since 1914, however, it has been a 
sultanate under British protection, and this 
arrangement is confirmed in the treaty with 



Russia. — Not only in Austria-Hungary 
and Turkey, but to some extent in Russia, 
war and revolution have brought about the 
disruption of an old empire. Various border 
lands, where the Russian people are in a 
minority, have broken away and have set 
up independent governments. Political and 
linguistic differences among the Russians 
themselves have led to civil wars that are 
still raging, threatening the possibility of 
further disruption. (Map, page 17.) 

The largest part of the Russian people, 
more numerous than any other European 
nation, are the Great Russians. Their ter- 
ritory in central and eastern Russia is larger 
than any other country in Europe. Most 
of it in August, 1919, was under the rule of 
the Bolshevik or extreme socialist party. 
The Bolshevik leaders seized control late in 
1917, and held it by a reign of terror. They 
tried to stir up workmen's revolutions in all 
countries, and they made war to extend their 
influence over neighboring lands. 

The Great Russians are the dominant 
people also in Siberia, in much of southeastern 
Russia, and in parts of northern Russia about 
the towns of Archangel and Murmansk, the 
seaport terminals of Russian railroads. But 
those four parts of the old empire were (in 
August, 1919) under the control of men who 
were fighting to overthrow Bolshevik rule 
and to establish, they said, a democratic 
all-Russian government. 

The White Russians, numbering about 
10,000,000, speak a Great Russian dialect 
somewhat resembling Polish. Their land 
was a battle ground in the war between the 
Poles and the Bolshevik Russians. 

Ukrainia. — The Little Russians, or Ukrai- 
nians, about 25,000,000 in number exclusive of 
the Ruthenians (page 12), differ slightly from 
the Great Russians in race and language. 



Germany. Hence one result of the war, if They set up an independent government in 
that treaty becomes effective, is to make 191 7, but fell for a time under German in- 
Egypt formally and definitely a part of the fluence and control. Later they were de- 
British Empire. feated and plundered by Bolshevik Russians, 



i6 



GEOGRAPHICAL RESULTS OF THE GREAT WAR 



but in the middle of 1919 were apparently 
recovering their independence. 

Inside the linguistic boundary shown on 
the map there is a wide strip where the mid- 
dle and upper classes of the population are 
largely Polish (in the west) or Great Russian 
(in the east). Hence the boundaries of 
Ukrainia, if it maintains its independence, 
are very doubtful. 

Ukrainia is a rich farming land, the most 
fertile part of the old Russia. It also con- 
tains the best coal and iron mines and many 
manufactures. Two of its cities have a 
population of over 600,000 each : the capital, 
Kief, and the chief seaport, Odessa. A con- 
siderable part of the people in these and other 
cities are Jews. 

Baltic States. — In this study of new states 
and new boundaries, we have read about 
many Slavic peoples — Poles, Czechoslovaks, 
Jugoslavs, Bulgarians (partly Slavic), and 
several kinds of Russians. We now come to 
some peoples of the old Russian Empire 
who are not Slavs. 

The Lithuanians and the Letts have 
languages much alike ; together they con- 
stitute the Baltic group of the white race 
in Europe ; the other groups being Greek, 
Albanian, Celtic, Latin, Teutonic, and Slavic. 

Lithuania has a population of perhaps 
3,000,000, mostly Lithuanians, who have set 
up an independent republic. This land (with 
part of Letvia) was included in the old Po- 
land, and the new Poland would like to annex 
it. The small area between the Niemen River 
and the old northeast German boundary is 
ceded by Germany to the principal powers ; 
it will probably be added to Lithuania, as its 
population is largely Lithuanian. 

Letvia, or Lettland, numbers about 1,000,- 
000 Letts, mingled with some other people, 
especially in the towns. 

Esthonia is the home of nearly 1,000,000 
Esthonians, who speak a Mongolian language, 
together with some Russians and others. 
Nearly all the Esthonians are Protestants. 



In all three of the Baltic States the land 
is low and some of it marshy. The chief 
industries are farming, lumbering, and fishing. 
The large land owners, before the war, were 
mostly Germans. A German army, in con- 
trol of the Baltic States at the end of the 
war, was left there for a time to aid in de- 
fending the country from the Bolshevik 
Russians. 

Finla.nd. — The grand duchy of Finland 
was taken from Sweden by the czar of 
Russia more than a hundred years ago. It 
suffered much oppression under Russian 
rule, and in 1917 declared its independence. 
It accepted German aid in defending itself 
against the Bolshevik Russians, and even 
chose a German monarch ; but after the 
victory of the Allies it adopted a republican 
government instead. 

Finland is more than half as large as 
France, but has a population of only about 
3,000,000. The people are well educated, 
and very nearly all are Protestants. About 
one eighth of them are Swedes and seven 
eighths are Finns, a people descended partly 
from the yellow race, whose language is much 
like the Esthonian. 

The country is a low plateau, with many 
lakes and streams. Farming, dairying, and 
lumbering are the chief industries, and there 
is water power for some manufacturing, es- 
pecially wood working and paper making. 
The capital and chief city is Helsingfors. 

East of Finland are some Finns and related 
peoples, and therefore Finland would like 
to extend her boundaries to the White Sea 
and the Arctic Ocean. 

Other Russian Border Lands. — The Lapps, 
Samoyeds, and other yellow peoples of 
northern Russia are few in number, and 
their home lands are dreary wastes. 

The Caucasus is the home of many greatly 
varying peoples, among whom the Georgians 
and others claim independence. Both there 
and in the other Asiatic possessions of Russia, 
the future is still most uncertain. 





Yaroslavl 



^ci/:^ J 



ll^//> 'iv-A — '-v °°:i^ »* I r^^*-> 




gM»i> 













"tome 




-V^ 



te^d^ 



V \ 




c^katennoslaf • '^ 



%M 






;aterinoaar^ 






■'^a'on/Jc E 










PEOPLES AND BORDERLANDS 

OF 

RUSSIA 

SCALE OF MILES 




Aleppo ( 



Damascus 



SBatijn" 

■-.?-4 




R 



LougitiiJt 



■•__• Boundary of Europeun Russia iu 1914 
Political bouiniaries o£ Finland and 

Russian Poland in 1914 
^^^B Aiiproxiinute boundury between ^Yhite 

and Yellow Races 
5O00OOO Approximate linguistic boundary of the 

Letts nnd Lithuanians 
^^^^ Approximate lini;uistic boundary of the 

Little Russians 

, 1 



GEOGRAPHICAL RESULTS OF THE GREAT WAR 




l^oiiU'itiidt 118 Kiibt 



Shantung. — About twenty years ago Ger- 
many forced China to give her the colony 
of Kiaochow, with control of railroads and 
mines in the province of Shantung. Early 
in the war, Japan ousted the Germans and 
took possession in their stead. By the treaty 
of 1919 with Germany she takes over all 
German rights there ; but it is understood 
that she is later to hand over the political 
control to China. 

German Colonies in the Pacific. — Early 
in the war the German possessions in the 
Pacific Ocean were seized by the naval forces 
of Japan, Great Britain, Australia, and New 
Zealand. By the treaty of 1919 Germany 
renounces her claim to them, leaving it to 
the principal powers (United States, British 
Empire, France, Italy, Japan) to dispose of 
them. It is understood, however, that those 
south of the equator are to be governed by 



1 A U \lN&0- South |V=S PI 

j J Maiillli^^, 

f iJ-'^l C It ' n a >S-S"- 




H I. N A 



Jfv.e^'?... 



Hongk6ng 



/C/foRMOSA 1 



Tropic ot Cancer 




'^J 




< 

'LUZON 

PHILIPPINE 



iUltr"U PALAS 



»Nj"«t?SLANDS M 



Sea 



{ To Japan 

M 






• MARIANAS 

# (Tu Japan) 



'GUAM I, 
r C R 



Jst 



CAROLINC ISLANDS. - 



\. E A S T tfrN D I E S 

'■ A N 'd is' 



w-^y 



MARSHALL 1 

■■: ■ ,v • ! 

ISLANDS 1 






o c 




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Norihwett Cape (^r^ — ^^ 





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<f^.- '.^Hl'^OLOMON IS. ELLjCE IS. 



CP.Iork 



^---- - — ...... . UNION IS. 

.^(Br.) . {Br.) -.1 ••.-. (Br.) 

*> "^.c.*"". P O L Y N E S I;A ■••/ 

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Coral ^ea leAiFr.) cfT'i' ^"'"i^ 
&'■) 



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lioRTHEBN ; ^, L. ''' . 
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(Br. i Fr.) 



SOCIETY IS. 
COOK IS./-:. ffV.) 



\ Ncrthweat Cape [1"^-^. ] (TERRiTOBf 
\ X — ^-i''^''^ 1 ■ 9''EE»'*'-*''° 






"?; ^? NEW "^iN *, LOYALTY IS 1 ^vTtoNGA OR (Br.) 

,'Jv, CAlioONIA^-^"',";;',' '=■• / FRIENDLY IS. / .,,.t=., ,." - 

K A .U S f R "Ji. LI A VSa^rfv <*■)"• T'OP''^ of 7 Capricorn 7 l^-' 

A y V^'^-. * souTHfr-ir } >.: T 



Cape 



ISLAND POSSESSIONS 



CEDED BY GERMANY 

SCALE OF MILES 



ieeuu'/n^ A-T-//uatr<.;iun i.'iy/.fy'f'JIf^- WALES /^,,ln..J' I JiOrth Coae 

'^\ AdelaiJ^yi; i^a, •fimlx-rra Vfi,„.iM,„l 

ItSTrt //>r.,««i,J..I.<./™p.l»I' W c! ,r; 

#Mtlbourne north i.) '^^''" ■-' 

.aS.^Srra.r Taarri'aB .Sea c/j'^lSEW 

*^ J." >ii ^n/ollliii-t 






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pCMATHAM IS. 



jth i./L/''""' f'- 
^/^'ZEALXND ""•' 



BTfWAHT I.P 

SoutA Cope I 



100 I-oniriiude 120 Enst 



HO from 



JfiO Gre.>nwi.Ii 180 Lomritude lUO "W,".! 140 



GERMAN COLONIES 



19 



Australia and New Zealand 
under the general oversight of 
the League of Nations, while 
those north of the equator 
are likewise to be assigned to 
Japan, with the exception of 
some island, probably ^ ap, 
which will be occupied by the 
United States as a cable sta- 
tion. 

These islands north of the 
equator have a small area 
and about 75,000 inhabitants, 
nearly all Malayan natives. 
They include the Mariana, 
Marshall, Caroline, and Pelew 
groups. 

The possessions south of the 
equator are more important. 
They include the Bismarck Ar- 
chipelago, part of New Guinea 
(Kaiser Wilhelms Land), and 20 
part of the Samoa group. All 
together they have about as 
much land and about as many 
people (mostly natives) as the 
state of T 'tah. 

German Colonies in Africa. 
— The German colonies in 

Africa had, in 1914, an area ot over 1,000,000 ownership. Part of Togo also was placed 
square miles and a population of more than under French control, and the remainder of 
11,000,000. By the treaty of 1919 their dis- these two colonies under British control, 
position, like that of the Pacific colonies, is awaiting their final disposition by the prin- 
left to the principal powers. cipal powers. 

It is understood, however, that German German East Africa is the largest, most 

Southwest Africa, which was conquered by populous, and most valuable of all these 
(British) South Africa, will remain under the colonies. Most of it is a fertile plateau, with 
government of that country. It is the least a climate suitable for white men. It was 
valuable of the German colonies in Africa, stubbornly defended by the German colo- 
because the climate is so very dry. nists and some of the natives, but was finally 

Togo and Kamerun were conquered by taken by the British (including South Afri- 
British and French troops. They are fertile, cans), with the cooperation of Belgian and 
but too hot and wet for the homes of white Portuguese forces. 

men. Part of Kamerun, transferred to Ger- No matter how the principal powers 

many from French Equatorial Africa in finally dispose of this colony, it seems cer- 
191 1, was promptly restored to French tain that there will no longer be any political 




20 



GEOGRAPHICAL RESULTS OF THE GREAT WAR 



obstacle to the completion of the " Cape to 
Cairo " railroad, under British control, from 
one end of Africa to the other. 

The United States. — Our country is not 
directly affected by any of the important 
territorial changes resulting from the Great 
War, although it was during the war, and 



partly because of it, that we purchased the 
Danish West Indies (for $25,000,000). Our 
share in the war, however, resulted in win- 
ning for us the friendship of the Allied powers 
and the respect of all nations. Thus the 
United States has gained a more influential 
position in the world than ever before. 



PRONUNCIATIONS 

MARKINGS : a in late, a in senate, a in fat, « in «ccouiit. a in far, a in last, « in sofn ; e in me, e in return, 
e in met, bgrry, e in term ; i in fine, ■ in tin ; K = German ch ; o in note, 6 in obey, 6 in not, 6 in f6r, oo in school, 
ob in wool ; 5 in tune, u in unite, tl in nut, ii in clrcSs, u in burn. 



Albania (Sl-ba'm-d) 

Alsace-Lorraine (3,l-sas'l6- 
ran') 

Anatolia (3,n-a-to'li-a) 

Arabia (a-ra'bl-u) 

Arabs (Sr'abz) 

Archangel (ark'an'jel) 

Argentina (ar-jen-te'na) 

Armenia (iir-me'ni-a) 

Avlona (av-lo'nii) 

Baltic (b61'tlk) 

Bavaria (ba-va'ri-d) 

Bessarabia (b6s-a-ra'bi-d) 

Bismarck (bis'mark) 

Bolshevik (boUshe-vek') ; plu- 
ral, Bolsheviki (bol-she-ve- 
ke') 

Budapest (boo'da-pest; 

Bukowina (b6o-kf>-ve'na) 

Bulgaria (bo61-ga'ri-d) 

Cairo (ki'ro) 

Chile (che'la) 

Colombia (k6-l6m'b^-a) 

Cracow (kra'ko) 

Croatia (kro-a'.shl-d) 

Croats (kro'ats) 



CypriLS (si'priis) 
Czechoslovak (chek'S-slo- 

vak') 
Czechoslovakia (chek'6-.sl6- 

vSk'i-d) 
Czechs (chfks) 
Danzig (dau'tsiiv) 
Dniester (nes'tSr) 
Dobrudja (do-bro6'ja) 
Egypt (e'jipt) 
Elbe (61'b6) 
Esthonia (es-tho'ni-d) 
Eupen (oi'pen) 
Flume (fyoo'ma) 
Foch (fosh) 
Galicia (gd-lish'I-d) 
Guatemala (gwa-tS-ma'ld) 
Haig (hag) 
Haiti (ha'ti; 
Hedjaz (hej-az') 
Helsingfors (hel-sing-fors') 
Joffre (zhftf'fr') 
Jugoslavia (yoo-go-sla'vl-d) 
Jugoslavs fyoo'go-slavz') 
Kaiser Wilhelnis Land (ki'zer 

vil'helms lanl) 



Kamerun (ka-ma-robn') 
Kiaochow (kyou'cho') 
Kief (ke'yef) 
Lemberg (Ifm'berK) 
Lille (lei) 

Lithuania (lith-ii-a'ni-d) 
Lodz (16dz) 
Lorraine (lo-riln') 
Macedonia (mjs-e-do'ni-d) 
Magyars (niod'yorz) 
Malmedy (mal'ma-de) 
Mariana (ma-r^-a'na) 
Me.sopotamia (me.s-6-p6-ta' 

ml-d) 
Moresnet (mo-ra-ng') 
Murmansk (moor-mansk') 
Nicaragua (nlk-d-ra'gwd) 
Niemen (ne'men) 
Oder (o'der) 
Odessa (o-des'd) 
Paderewski (pa-df-r6f'sk^) 
Palestine (pal'es-tin) 
Paraguay (par'd-gwa) 
Pelew (pe-loo') 
plebiscite (plfb'i-sit) 
Pruth (prooth) 



Rhodes (rodz) 
Roumania (roo-ma'nl-d) 
RiUhenians (roo-the'ni-anz) 
Saar (ziir) 

Salvador (sal-va-dor') 
Samoyeds (s5m-6-yedz') 
Sarre (sar) 
Schleswig (shlas'viK) 
Shantung (shan't<56ng') 
Slesvig (sla.s'vig) 
Slovaks (sl6-vaks') 
Slovenes (slo-venz') 
Strasbourg (straz-boor') 
Stras.sburg (shtras'boorii) 
Togo (to'go) 

Tran.sylvania(triln-.sil-va'ni-d) 
Trie.ste (tre-esf or tr^-gs'ta) 
Tyrol (tlr'61) 
Ukrainia (u-kriln'i-d) 
L^ruguay (ii'roo-gwa) 
Venezuela (ven-J-zwe'ld) 
Versailles (v6r-sii'y' or ver- 

salz') 
Vistula (vTs'tii-ld) 
Yap (yap) 



